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Specific gravity : This is a ratio of liquid weight to the water weight of the volume equal to that of the liquid. In other words, specifies gravity is a ratio of the density of the substance at temperature t1 °C to the density of water at t2°C and is generally expressed as dt1 / dt2.

Water density may be considered as 1 when water temperatures are 4°C, so the specific gravity of substance at t2 = 4°C is equal to its density.

Boiling point and vapour pressure : The vapour pressure means the pressure produced by vapour.
The vapour pressure in the case of the vapour at an equilibrium with the liquid is the saturated vapour pressure and is generally called as vapour pressure.

As the temperature is the raised the vapour pressure increases and when it becomes equal to the external pressure of the liquid, bubbles from and the liquid is said to boil.

The temperature when the vapour pressure becomes equal to the external pressur of one(1) atmosphere (760 mmHg) is called as a standard boiling point. The boiling point when the pressure is lower than one (1) atmosphere becomes lower than the standard boiling point and when the boiling point is over one (1) atmosphere the boiling point becomes higher then the standard boiling point.

The relation between the vapour pressure and the temperature is expressed by the Clasiusclapeyron’s equation

dP = ­­­­­­­­ L . …………………………………… ( 1)

dP T(Vv - VL)

Where
P = Vapour pressure at temperature T (K)
L = Evaporating heat of molecule
Vv = Molecule volume in vapour

By integrating the equation (1) with the use of PV = RT and the assumption VL =0 in the in the equation (1), the following equation can be obtained.

Ln P1 = L ( 1 - 1 ) . ……………………………………. ( 2 )

P2 R T1 T2 Where

Pi = Vapour pressure (I=1,2 ) at temperature Ti
L = Evaporating heat of molecule
R = Gas constant
From the equation (2), the vapour pressure at a given temperature can be calculated approximately.
A well known equation other than the equation (2) is Antoine’s equation below.
Log 10 mmHg = A - B / (C + t (°C))…………………………… ( 3 )
The values A,B, and C can be obtained from hand book, etc.
Reid Vapour Pressure (R.V.P.) : The vapour pressure of a liquid determined by laboratory testing in a standard manner in the Raid Apparatus at the standard temperature of 37.8 C (100 F).

Freezing point (Melting point ) : The temperature at which the liquid state of a substance is in equilibrium with the solid state, i.e. at a higher temperature the solid will melt and at a lower temperature the solid will solidify.
Freezing point and melting point may not always coincide, but they are sufficiently close to enable the difference between them to be ignored for the purpose of cargo handling.

Coefficient of cubic expansion: The fractional increase in volume for 1 °C rise in temperature.

Vapour density : This is a ratio of the molecular weight of substance to that of air (about 29) for the example acetic acid,

Solubility : The solubility of a substance in water, at a specified temperature, is the maximum weight of substance will dissolve in a given weight of water. This is called as a saturated solution.The value is usually expressed as the number of grams of substance dissolving in 100 grams of water.

Viscosity : This is an international friction or a power in resting a change in the molecular structure of a substance. The unit of viscosity is expressed by g/cm.sec from the C.G.S. unit and is called as poise. One (1) poise is 0.1 kg /cm.sec and 0.01 poise is called as one (1) centi - poise (C.P.).

The above is an absolute viscosity and the comparing the absolute viscosity with the viscosity of water at the temperature of 20 C is a specific viscosity. The value of specific viscosity is equal to that of the centi-poise (C.P.).—–(absolute viscosity devised by density ) is called as kinetic viscosity and its unit is stokes (St) (m2/sec).

Intendancy of producing static electricity :  The characteristics for static electricity is classified by two (2) classes as follows :

-12 -1 -1
Class A :
Conductivity below 10 ohm cm
Care should be taken for that these substances are able to be charged.
-12 -1 -1
Class B :
Conductivity over 10 ohm cm
No hazard due to static electricity Hazard of fire and explosion

Flash point :  When heating a speciment at a constant conditions, the specimen produces sufficient vapour to make flammable mixture with flash by placing a flame near the specimen. The specimen temperature at that time is a flash point.

There are two (2) types for the flash point test, that is, close and open types. At the same specimen the flash point of the open type is slightly higher than that of the closed type.

Explosion range : The explosion range is determined by given electric spark to apportion of the mixture having oxidizable gas such as flammable gas and air or oxygen and checking if the flame is transferred to the whole mixed gas. Usually the higher fuel concentration is upper limit and the lower fuel concentration is lower limit.

Auto ignition temperature : The lower temperature to which a solid, liquid or gas requires to be raised to cause self-sustained combustion without initiation by a spark or flame. This temperature depends upon the chemical composition.

Paraffin is the is the lowest and the aromatic is the highest in this temperature. Usually the more molecular weight is, the lower this temperature is.

Fire extinguishing agent:  The fire extinguishing agents specified in the data sheets are in accordance with the IMCO code, ICS,NPFA, .

Reactivity :  The number in the column for reactivity on other chemicals shows the group number in the compatibility table (A) of the USCG and the compatibility table (B) in Norway.